Autism is something many people have heard of, but not everyone truly understands. When we talk about autism, we often picture one kind of behaviour or ability. But the truth is that autism comes in many forms—each as unique as the individual.
Whether you’re a parent, a teacher, a support worker, or just someone curious about the topic, this guide will provide a clear and engaging overview of the different types of autism, highlighting key characteristics and distinctions.
What is Autism?
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts, and perceives the world around them. It’s referred to as a “spectrum” because the characteristics and intensity of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. Many individuals with ASD also experience sensory disabilities, which can affect how they process sounds, lights, textures, or other sensory inputs. Some individuals may need considerable daily support, while others may live independently with little to no assistance.
Types of Autism
Before the adoption of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013, autism was categorised into several distinct subtypes:
1. Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism)
Classic autism, sometimes simply referred to as autism, is characterised by significant challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviours. People with classic autism might have a hard time understanding social cues or engaging in typical back-and-forth conversations. Their behaviours may include strict adherence to routines and an intense focus on particular interests.
2. Asperger’s Syndrome
People with Asperger’s typically have average or above-average intelligence and strong verbal skills but may struggle with social cues, conversations, or understanding emotions.
They often have deep interests in specific topics (like trains, animals, or numbers) and might be highly detail-focused. Many individuals diagnosed with Asperger’s go on to live independent and successful lives.
3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
PDD-NOS is a diagnosis given to individuals who exhibit some, but not all, characteristics of autism or Asperger’s Syndrome. Often referred to as “atypical autism,” it applied to those who didn’t fully meet the criteria for other specific diagnoses but still displayed notable challenges in social and communication skills.
4. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)
CDD is the rarest form and involves a sudden, severe loss of skills in language, social functioning, and motor skills—usually after 2 to 4 years of typical development.
5. Rett Syndrome
Rett Syndrome, primarily affecting girls, is a genetic disorder that leads to severe cognitive and physical impairments. Although it shares some similarities with autism, such as repetitive movements and social withdrawal, it is now recognised as a separate condition due to its distinct genetic cause.
The Shift to a Unified Spectrum
In 2013, the DSM-5 redefined the diagnostic criteria for autism, merging the previously separate subtypes into a single diagnosis: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This change acknowledges that autism presents a continuum of symptoms and severities rather than distinct categories. The spectrum model focuses on assessing each individual’s unique traits and support needs rather than placing them into rigid categories.
Levels of Support in ASD
To better describe the varying degrees of support required, today, ASD is categorised into three levels:
Level 1: Requiring Support
Individuals at this level may have mild challenges in social interactions and exhibit inflexible behaviours. They might struggle with organising and planning but can often function independently with minimal assistance.
Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support
Those at Level 2 face more pronounced difficulties in social situations and have repetitive behaviours that are obvious to others. They require more substantial support to navigate daily activities effectively.
Level 3: Requiring Very Substantial Support
Level 3 is characterised by severe challenges in social communication and highly inflexible behaviours. Individuals at this level need significant support in daily life and may have limited verbal communication. NDIS Support Coordination plays a crucial role in helping them access the right services, ensuring they receive the necessary assistance to navigate daily challenges effectively.
Autism in Australia: Support and Resources
In Australia, various organisations provide support and resources for individuals with autism and their families:
- Autism Association of Western Australia: Offers services such as early intervention, therapy, and community programs tailored to individuals with autism.
- Autism Spectrum Australia (Aspect): Provides a range of services, including diagnostic assessments, educational programs, and adult support services. The aspect autism spectrum is dedicated to helping autistic individuals achieve their potential.
Differentiating Autism from ADHD
One common query among parents and educators is understanding the difference between ADHD and autism. While there are overlapping characteristics—such as difficulties with attention and impulsivity—the two conditions are distinct in:
- Social Interaction: Individuals with autism often struggle with understanding social cues and may prefer routine, whereas those with ADHD might be more impulsive and seek out new experiences.
- Communication: Autistic individuals may have delayed language development and prefer structured communication, while those with ADHD typically do not have language delays but may have trouble listening and following instructions.
- Behaviour: Repetitive behaviours are common in autism, whereas ADHD is characterised by hyperactivity and a constant need for movement.
Understanding these distinctions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective support strategies.
Embracing Neurodiversity
Recognising and appreciating the diversity within the autism spectrum is essential. Every person with autism has their own set of strengths and challenges. By fostering inclusive environments and providing tailored support, we can help those on the spectrum lead fulfilling lives.
Note: This guide is intended to provide a general overview and may not encompass all aspects of autism spectrum disorder. For personalised information and support, consulting with healthcare professionals and local support organisations is recommended.
